Cellular Respiration Lab Essays - Plant Physiology,

Cellular Respiration Lab Introduction This lab was done to determine the relationship of gas production to respiration rate. Justin Pyka and I did the lab on December 12th, 2000 in Mr. Myers room. The lab was done with dormant pea seeds and germinating pea seeds. It was done to test the effect of temperature on the rate of cellular respiration in ungerminated versus germinating seeds. We had to determine the change in gas volume in respirometers. This was done to determine how much oxygen was consumed during the experiment. The respirometers contained either germinating, or non-germinating pea seeds. I think that the germinating seeds will have a higher oxygen consumption rate in a room temperature water bath than the non-germinating seeds. My reason for this hypothesis is that a dormant seed would not have to go through respiration because it is not a plant yet. A germinating seed would consume more oxygen because it is growing, and therefore would need to consume oxygen by going through the process of cellular respirat ion. Methods and Materials Materials: Glass Vials 1 mL Glass Pipette Tubes Rubber Stoppers 264 Germinating Pea Seeds 264 Dried Pea Seeds 100 mL Graduated Cylinder Glass Beads Absorbent Cotton Solid KOH Dry Cotton 25 Degree C Distilled Water Bath 10 Degree C Distilled Water Bath Red Indicator (Safrin) Syringe With Needle on End Rubber Stoppers Methods: See lab handout for methods of completing the experiment and recording the results. Note: Two tests were done for each step. Results See graphs for interpretation of results. In the room temperature water bath, the glass beads, and the dry pea seeds and glass beads consumed the least amount of oxygen (see chart 1). The germinating pea seeds consumed the most oxygen. They consumed almost three times as much oxygen as the glass beads alone, and the glass beads and dry pea seeds. According to my results, the vials containing the glass beads in the 10-degree C water bath consumed large amounts of oxygen (see chart 2). The vials containing the dry seeds and glass beads had the same result. I think that this is because the gas in the vials cooled, and when it cooled, it took up less space in the vial, therefore pulling the indicator down the respirometer tube, which would make it look like the contents in the vials consumed large amounts of oxygen. The germinating seeds consumed almost no oxygen throughout the experiment in the 10-degree C water bath. I think that this is because when an organism cools down, all of its cellular functions slow down. Which means that the germinating seeds would slow down their respiration rates because of the colder temperature. The indicator stayed at about the same spot in the respirometer tube. That means that the germinating seeds were producing some gasses to offset the reduction in the space taken up by the gas in the vials caused by the cooler temperature. Conclusion After completing this experiment, I have come to the conclusion that a germinating seed of a plant consumes more oxygen than a dry seed of a plant. When the germinating seed is cooled down however, the rate of oxygen consumption is reduced drastically because all of the cellular processes are slowed down from the cooler surroundings. I think that my hypothesis was correct because my results from the experiment show that the vials containing the germinating seeds consumed more oxygen in the room temperature water bath than the other vials. This lab was a good representation of what effects temperature has on cellular processes because it showed that respiration slowed down when the temperature was reduced, and respiration increased when the temperature increased. Science Essays

J. Edgar Hoover, Controversial FBI Director for Nearly Five Decades

J. Edgar Hoover, Controversial FBI Director for Nearly Five Decades J. Edgar Hoover led the FBI for decades and became one of the most influential and controversial figures in 20th century America. He built the bureau into a mighty law enforcement agency but also perpetrated abuses that reflect dark chapters in American law. For much of his career, Hoover was widely respected, partly because of his own keen sense of public relations. The public perception of the FBI was often inextricably linked to Hoovers own public image as a tough but virtuous lawman. Fast Facts: J. Edgar Hoover Full Name: John Edgar HooverBorn: January 1, 1895 in Washington, D.C.Died: May 2, 1972 in Washington, D.C.Known For: Served as director of the FBI for nearly five decades, from 1924 until his death in 1972.Education: George Washington University Law SchoolParents: Dickerson Naylor Hoover and Annie Marie Scheitlin HooverMajor Accomplishments: Made the FBI into the nations top law enforcement agency while also acquiring a reputation for engaging in political vendettas and violations of civil liberties. The reality was often quite different. Hoover was reputed to harbor countless personal grudges and was widely rumored to blackmail politicians who dared cross him. He was widely feared, as he could ruin careers and target anyone who aroused his ire with harassment and intrusive surveillance. In the decades since Hoovers death, the FBI has grappled with his troubling legacy. Early Life and Career John Edgar Hoover was born in Washington, D.C., on January 1, 1895, the youngest of five children. His father worked for the federal government, for the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. As a boy, Hoover was not athletic, but he pushed himself to excel in areas that suited him. He became the leader of his school’s debate team and was also active in the school’s cadet corps, which engaged in military style drills. Hoover attended George Washington University at night while working at the Library of Congress for five years. In 1916, he received a law degree, and he passed the bar exam in 1917. He received a deferment from military service in World War I as he took a job in the U.S. Department of Justice, in the division that tracked enemy aliens. With the Justice Department severely understaffed due to the war, Hoover began a fast rise through the ranks. In 1919, he was promoted to a position as a special assistant to Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Hoover played an active role in planning the infamous Palmer Raids, the federal government’s crackdown on suspected radicals. Hoover became obsessed with the idea of foreign radicals undermining the United States. Relying on his experience at the Library of Congress, where he had mastered the indexing system used to catalog books, he began building extensive files on suspected radicals. The Palmer Raids were eventually discredited, but within the Justice Department Hoover was rewarded for his work. He was made the head of the department’s Bureau of Investigations, at the time a largely neglected organization with little power. Creating the FBI In 1924, corruption in the Justice Department, a byproduct of Prohibition, required the reorganizing of the Bureau of Investigations. Hoover, who lived a quiet life and seemed incorruptible, was appointed as its director. He was 29 years old and would hold the same post until his death at the age of 77 in 1972. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Hoover transformed the bureau from an obscure federal office to an aggressive and modern law enforcement agency. He began a national fingerprint database and opened a crime laboratory dedicated to using scientific detective work. Hoover also raised the standards of his agents and created an academy to train new recruits. Once accepted into what came to be viewed as an elite force, the agents had to adhere to a dress code dictated by Hoover: business suits, white shirts, and snap-brim hats. In the early 1930s, new legislation allowed Hoovers agents to carry guns and take on more powers. After President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a series of new federal crime bills, the bureau was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation. J. Edgar Hoover with child film star Shirley Temple. Getty Images   To the public, the FBI was always portrayed as a heroic agency battling against crime. In radio shows, movies, and even comic books, the â€Å"G-Men† were incorruptible protectors of American values. Hoover met with Hollywood stars and became a keen manager of his own public image. Decades of Controversy In the years following World War II, Hoover became obsessed with the threat, real or not, of worldwide communist subversion. In the wake of such high-profile cases as the Rosenbergs and Alger Hiss, Hoover positioned himself as America’s foremost defender against the spread of communism. He found a receptive audience in the hearings of the House Un-American Activities Committee (known widely as HUAC). During the McCarthy Era, the FBI, at Hoover’s direction, investigated anyone suspected of communist sympathies. Careers were ruined and civil liberties were trampled. An F. B. I. poster signed by J. Edgar Hoover warns civilians against saboteurs and spies. Corbis/VCG via Getty Images / Getty Images In 1958 he published a book, Masters of Deceit, which expressed his case that the United States government was in danger of being toppled by a worldwide communist conspiracy. His warnings found a steady following and no doubt helped inspire organizations such as the John Birch Society. Hostility Toward the Civil Rights Movement Perhaps the darkest stain on Hoover’s record came during the years of the Civil Rights Movement in America. Hoover was hostile to the struggle for racial equality, and was perpetually motivated to somehow prove that Americans striving for equal rights were in fact dupes of a communist plot. He came to despise Martin Luther King, Jr., who he suspected of being a communist. Hoover’s FBI targeted King for harassment. Agents went so far as to send King letters urging him to kill himself or threatening that embarrassing personal information (presumably picked up by FBI wiretaps) would be revealed. Hoover’s obituary in the New York Times, published the day after his death, mentioned that he had publicly referred to King as â€Å"most notorious liar in the country.† The obituary also noted that Hoover had invited reporters to hear tapes recorded in King’s hotel rooms to prove that â€Å"moral degenerates,† as Hoover put it, were leading the Civil Rights Movement. Longevity in Office When Hoover reached a mandatory retirement age of 70, on January 1, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson chose to make an exception for Hoover. Likewise, Johnson’s successor, Richard M. Nixon, chose to let Hoover remain in his top post at the FBI. In 1971, LIFE magazine published a cover story on Hoover, which noted in its opening paragraph that when Hoover had become head of the Bureau of Investigations in 1924, Richard Nixon was 11 years old and sweeping up in his family’s California grocery store. A related article by political reporter Tom Wicker in the same issue explored the difficulty of replacing Hoover. The article in LIFE followed, by one month, a startling set of revelations. A group of young activists had broken into a small FBI office in Pennsylvania and stolen a number of secret files. The material in the heist revealed that the FBI had been conducting widespread spying against American citizens. The secret program, known as COINTELPRO (bureau speak for â€Å"counterintelligence program†) had started in the 1950s, aimed at Hoover’s favorite villains, American communists. Over time, the surveillance spread to the those advocating for civil rights as well as racist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. By the late 1960s, the FBI was conducting widespread surveillance against civil rights workers, citizens protesting the Vietnam War, and generally anyone Hoover viewed as having radical sympathies. Some of the bureau’s excesses now seem absurd. For example, in 1969 the FBI opened a file on comedian George Carlin, who had told jokes on a Jackie Gleason variety show which apparently poked fun at Hoover. Hoover and his constant companion for decades, Clyde Tolson. Getty Images Personal Life By  the 1960s, it had become clear that Hoover had a blind spot when it came to organized crime. For years he had contended that the Mafia did not exist, but when local cops broke up a meeting of mobsters in upstate New York in 1957, that began to seem ridiculous. He eventually allowed that organized crime did exist, and the FBI became more active in trying to combat it. Modern critics have even alleged that Hoover, who was always inordinately interested in the personal lives of others, may have been blackmailed over his own sexuality. Suspicions about Hoover and blackmail may be unfounded. But Hoover’s personal life raised questions, though they were not publicly addressed during his life. Hoovers constant companion for decades was Clyde Tolson, an FBI employee. On most days, Hoover and Tolson ate lunch and dinner together in Washington restaurants. They arrived at the FBI offices together in a chauffeur driven car, and for decades they vacationed together. When Hoover died, he left his estate to Tolson (who died three years later, and was buried near Hoover in Washington’s Congressional Cemetery). Hoover served as FBI director until his death on May 2, 1972. Over the following decades, reforms such as limiting the term of FBI director to ten years, have been instituted to distance the FBI from Hoovers troubling legacy. Sources John Edgar Hoover. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 7, Gale, 2004, pp. 485-487. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Cointelpro. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2010, pp. 508-509. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Lydon, Christopher. J. Edgar Hoover Made the FBI Formidable With Politics, Publicity and Results. New York Times, 3 May 1972, p. 52.

Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) Essay

Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) - Essay Example The usages of these social media sites have proved to be both fruitful and dangerous. Adolescents and children have been engaging on social media platforms in a frequent manner, which have shown enhanced communication, technical skills as well as social connection. Popular social media sites such as, MySpace and Facebook, provide multiple opportunities for their users to connect with classmates, friends and other groups with similar interest, on a daily basis. A recent poll has revealed that almost 22 percent of teenagers use their favourite media sites almost 10 times daily. Nearly 50 percent of the teenagers use their mobiles for social media purposes and the number is continuously increasing (Schurgin & Clarke-Pearson, 2011). Therefore, it can be said that a significant part of the current generation’s emotional and social development is influenced by these social media websites (Roper & Shah, 2007). Various downsides have been observed because of large influence of these media sites. Limited self-regulation and peer pressure among adolescents and children have been posing some risk while these users are experimenting and navigating with multiple social media sites (Thomson, MacInnis & Park, 2005). Research has indicated that online expressions result in negative offline behaviours, including clique-forming, bullying as well as sexual experimentation, subsequently leading to privacy issues and cyber bullying. Other issues influencing children related to high usage of social media are sleep deprivation and internet addiction (Karahanna, Agarwal & Angst, 2006). A new phenomenon has been proposed by researchers, which is known as ‘Facebook Depression.’ It is a condition seen to develop in teens and preteens who are spending immense amount of time on numerous social media sites such as, Facebook, Twitter and MySpace and then developing classic depression symptoms. In an adolescent’s life, contact and acceptance by peers and friends is

Effect of e-readers on the publishing industry Assignment

Effect of e-readers on the publishing industry - Assignment Example ed that social exchange theory is taking place on an international level as the humanity has learned the art and science of communicating across cultures and borders. The internationalization of communication and socialization is identified as essence of the notion known as global village (Graham 1998). In recent years, leading technological companies have launched devices that have been blessed with the capability of helping people in accessing and downloading books and other kinds of literature. The old fashion and traditional practice of reading books in a printed format is ending. Major number of publications is being provided to public in an electronic format while the most used format is called Portable Document Format (PDF). The conventional method of providing printing books got very expensive and therefore, the major publishing companies such as McGraw Hill initiated to provide publications in an electronic format. The basic and fundamental purpose of using electronic devices as sources of accessing literature is to drive down the production costs whereas, the end readers are also provided with significant level of cost advantages. In summary, it can be urged and argued that availability and cost of printed information has notably increased and decreased respectively (Pan & Leidner 2003). The current period, the customers and common peoples information has considerably risen and therefore, companies and governments are facing problems in justifying their filthy practices from public. The publishing companies are offering books and research journals in e-format and they provide printed copies on special request only. The supporters of high involvement of technology in knowledge management argue that human mind is well accustomed to understanding materials in print format. They also suggest that human sensory centers are experiencing growing and noticeable level of stress because of focusing on screens. But, these potential disadvantages will subside as

Ethics and Communications in Organizations Essay

Ethics and Communications in Organizations - Essay Example Thus, ethics maintain great significance in everyday human life, where their importance multiplies within the organizational behavior during the course of offering one’s services in one way or the other. Professional ethics also suggest the personnel in respect of developing pleasant and amicable relationships with the management, colleagues, subordinates, clients and the general public at large, through an adequate communication system, which is vehemently important for climbing the ladder of success and growth in one’s career for the future years to come. The contemporary era has made imperative alterations in all fields of human life. The world’s turning into a global village has established such type of business environment, where the individuals belonging to divergent ethnic, racial, regional, religious and family backgrounds as well as obtaining variant educational qualifications, occupational skills, different socioeconomic positions and divergent sexual o rientations work under one roof and under the command of one single administration, during which they have to come across several awkward and unpleasant incidents because of the behaviors of others. Somehow, commitment to one’s cause and dedication to one’s responsibilities serve as the core concepts of climbing the ladder of professional growth and financial stability. It is not specific to one occupation only; rather, the same is applied to all the existing professions of contemporary times at large. â€Å"Values and ethics are central to any organization; those operating in the national security arena are no exception. Both are extremely broad terms, and we need to focus in on the aspects most relevant for strategic leaders and decision makers.† (National Defense University) Ethics in Organizations: One of the most formidable ethics the professionals must apply is their sense of responsibilities towards the workplace. A professional is the representative of h is organization, which offers him job opportunity, respectable place, and financial compensation, along with protecting him from becoming the prey to unemployment, idleness and mental disturbance created because of joblessness. It is, therefore, the professional must render his services to the organization diligently and actively without displaying any reluctance and non-compliance with the duties and obligations he has been hired to accomplish. Additionally, it is also the ethical responsibility of the professional not to let the name, fame, and reputation of his organization go to the dashes, because of his misbehave or negligence towards the customers and clients. Moreover, the professional must check the working of his colleagues, co-workers, and subordinates in order to assure their performance for the best interest of the organization. The professional must also interact with the superiors time and again, and if they are in need of his support at any matter, he must accomplish the same within the appropriate time and without any deliberate delays.  

Processes and Applications of Fermentation

Processes and Applications of Fermentation Hort-312 (1+1) Topic: Fermented Food Dr. Ananta Saikia Sir, Murchana Malakar Introduction Fermentation is the process of producing a fermented product by the mass culture of micro organisms involved in it [14]. It is derived from the Latin word fevere meaning â€Å"to boil†. Biochemically, fermentation is a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol. It is the oldest most which is the most economical method of preserving food [2]. The local people have been using the microbes without knowing their effects to produce the fermented products [10]. For household purpose, fermentation is followed with simple processing methods. Due to the lack of sterility, the end products often contain mixed microbial population [8]. Fermentation promotes digestibility and improve the health of human beings [6]. It promotes the shelf-life reducing volume, less cooking time and higher nutritive value. It helps in the detoxification of undesirable compounds such as phytates, polyphenols and tannins[11]. It also enhances the aroma and flavour of the fermented food. For industrial purpose, it is carried out on a large scale for manufacturing of the product. But in the second phase Microbiology evolved as a science for the first time in the history of fermentation [3]. Processes involved in fermentation:[7,13] Acetic Acid Fermentation: Acetobacter spp. is the main microorganism involved in this process. It aerobically converts the alcohol to acetic acid. Examples: Wine, Cider and melt honey. Lactic Acid Fermentation: It is carried out by lactic acid bacteria. Examples: Pickles, sauerkraut, kimchi Alcoholic fermentation: Yeast is the main micro organism involved in this process which yields ethanol. Example: Brandy, Beer, Whiskey Alkali fermentation: It occurs in case of fish and seeds which are used as condiment.Example: Fish sauce, bagoong. Types of fermented food: Cereal based fermented food: Cereal grains are considered to be on one of the most important source of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin and mineral. It improves the texture, aroma of the end product. Most common type of cereals (such as wheat, rice, sorghum or corn) is used for the preparation of fermented foods. The bacteria species involved includes Leuconostoc, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, and Micrococcus. Fungi genera include Fusarium, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichothecium. The yeasts include Saccharomyces[10] (Steinkraus, 1998). Table 1: Commonly used cereal based fermented food and beverages [1,4,5,9, 12]. Anarshe Rice India Ang-kak Rice South East Asia Bagni Millet Caucasus Banku Maize Ghana Bogobe Sorghum Botswana Brem Rice Indonesia Busa Rice Egypt Chee-fan Wheat China Chicha Maize Peru Chonju Rice Korea Dalaki Millet Nigeria Dhokla Rice/Wheat India Dosa Rice India Darassum Millet Mongolia Hamanatto Wheat Japan Idli Rice India/Srilanka Injera Wheat/Sorghum Ethiopia Jalebies Wheat flour India/ Nepal/ Pakistan Kanji Rice India Kaffir beer Kaffir corn South Africa Kisra Sorghum Sudan Lao-chao Rice China/ Indonesia Me Rice Vietnam Miso Rice and soybeans Japan/ China Nan Unbleached wheat flour India/ Pakistan Nasha Sorghum Sudan Ogi Maize/Sorghum Nigeria Puto Rice Philippines Pozol Maize Mexico Rabdi Maize India Sorghum Beer Sorghum/Maize South Africa Sake Rice Japan Takju Rice/Wheat Korea Torani Rice India Tape ketan Rice/ Cassava Indonesia Uji Maize/Sorghum Kenya Vada Ceral India Legume Based Fermented Foods: Pulses are the chief sources of proteins. The micro organisms involved in it are: Mucor sp., Aspergillus spp., Lactobacillus sp. , Saccharomyces sp. Table 2: Fermented foods of legumes [6]. Aagya Soybean India Chee-fan Soybean China Dawadawa African locust bean Nigeria Kecap Soybean Indonesia Khaman Bengal gram India Meju Soybean Korea Natto Soybean Japan Soybean Milk Soybean China Tempeh Soybean Indonesia Waries Black gram India Fermented Milk Products: The fermented milk products have higher nutritive value, better keeping quality and it has a strong therapeutic potential. Micro organisms involved are: Lactobacillus sp, Saccharomyces sp, Acetobacter aceti, Yeast. Table 3: List of Fermented milk products [6] Buttermilk Bovine USA/ Australia Chhurpi Yak India Curd Bovine, Buffalo India Cultured cream Bovine USA Koumiss Horse, Mare, Camel Russia, Asia Kefir Bovine, Goat Russia Laktofil Bovine Sweden Lassi Bovine India Leben Ewe, Goat, Sheep Labenon, Iraq Quark Bovine Germany, Europe Viili Bovine Finland Yoghurt Bovine/ Goat Turkey Fermented Fish Meat Products: Meat and fish are the rich source of proteins. Fermentation helps in increasing the shelf life and also gives unique flavour and texture to the final product. It involves the micro organisms such as Actinomycetes, Pseudomonas, Yeast, Penicillium, Lactobacillus, and Micrococcus. Table 4: List of Meat and fish products [6] Bacon Cured Meat Europe Bagoong Fish Philippines Fish sauce Fish South East Asia Ham Meat Europe Katsuobushi Fish Japan Fermented Fruits Vegetables: Fermentation is the oldest method of extending the shelf life of perishable products. Table 5: List of fermented fruits and vegetables [6] Gundruk Radish India Kimchi Radish Korea Olive Olive Spain Pickle Vegetable India Yan-taozih Peach China Sauerkraut Cabbage Internatinal Soidon Bamboo shoot India Yan-tsai-shin Broccoli Taiwan Benefits of Fermented Foods: Variation in the types of fermented products Important ingredients can be prepared from it Quality is increased to a great extent. Preservation increases the shelf life. It helps in the recovery of a disease free life. Raw materials can be digested to a great extent. Conclusion: Fermented products which are associated with several cultural and social aspects contain a wide range of probiotics. The tactics which are practised by the ethnic groups reveal the correlation of nature with the people including the micro flora. Value added methods are practised by genetic improvement, strains of micro organisms, using of immobilised systems which will lead to industrialization of the food products. Hence, the fermented products can be maximised and commercializing the technological development in terms of financial support by the governing agencies. References: [1] ] Adams, M. R. (1998). Fermented weaning foods. In J. B. Wood (Ed.),  Microbiology of fermented foods (pp. 790–811). London: Blackie  Academic. [2] Billings, T. (1998). On fermented foods. Available: http://www.living-foods.com. [3] Caplice, E., Fitzgerald, G. F. (1999). Food fermentations: role of  microorganisms in food production and preservation. International  Journal of Food Microbiology, 50, 131–149. [4] Chavan, J. K., Kadam, S. S. (1989). Critical reviews in food science  and nutrition. Food Science, 28, 348–400. [5] Harlander, S. (1992). Food biotechnology. In J. Lederberg (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of microbiology (pp. 191–207). New York: Academic Press [6] Jeyaram, K., Singh A., Romi, W., Devi, A.R., Singh, W.M., Dayanithi, H., Singh, N.R. and Tamang, J.P. 2009. Traditional fermented foods of Manipur. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8(1): 115-121. [7] Modi, H.A.(2012). Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur, pp-1-203. [8] Nout, M.J.R. and Sarkar, P.K. 1999. Lactic acid food fermentation in tropical climates. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 76: 395-401. [9] Sankaran, R. (1998). Fermented food of the Indian subcontinent. In  J. B. Wood (Ed.), Microbiology of fermented foods (pp. 753–789).  London: Blackie Academic and Professional. [10] Sekar, S. and Mariappan, S. 2007. Usage of traditional fermented products by Indian rural folks and IPR. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6 (1): 111120. [11] Sharma, A. and Kapoor, A.C. 1996. Level of antinutritional factors in pearl millet as affected by processing treatments and various types of fermentation. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 49: 241-252. [12] Soni, S. K., Sandhu, D. K. (1990). Indian fermented foods: microbiological  and biochemical aspects. Indian Journal of Microbiology,  30, 135–157. [13] Srivastava, R.P. Kumar, S(2002). Fruit and Vegetable Preservation.CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, pp-81-82. [14] Stanbury, P.F. 1999. Fermentation Technology. In Stanbury, P. F., A. Whitaker, and S. J. Hal (Eds), Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd Edition, p 1-24. UK: Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. [15] Steinkraus, K. H. (1998). Bio-enrichment: production of vitamins in  fermented foods. In J. B. Wood (Ed.), Microbiology of fermented  foods (pp. 603–619). London: Blackie Academic and Professional.

Emily dickinson Essay examples -- essays research papers

Emily Dickinson’s poetry powerfully indicates values of society of the time. It does this through its conciseness, its simplicity and its control. Indications of society’s values are seen in many of Dickinson's poems, but they are especially noticeable in ‘It was not Death’, and ‘Because I could not stop for Death’. In Dickinson’s poem ‘It was not Death’, she demonstrates how restricting and stereotyping society can be on an individual, and how society values the conformity of the whole community, even though they may not want to. In Dickinson’s poem ‘Because I could not stop for Death’, she is questioning society’s values on religion and everlasting life. Emily Dickinson’s poems analyze her perception of the world and society, which is different to that of the commonly accepted, objective perception. The reader sees this perception in her poem ‘It was not Death’, where Emily appears to perceive a world full of confusion and chaos. She also observes that society tries to place people into stereotypes, and feels that she herself is restricted to one. The Figures I have seen Set orderly, for Burial, Reminded me, of mine – Dickinson shows in these lines that her own life reflects that of a dead persons – it appears to be a living thing, but lacks something that makes it alive. It seems that life is a convential pattern, and she is conformed in society just like the people in the coffins. She resents the way that in her society people were heavily placed into stereotypes. As if my life were shaven, And fitted to a frame These lines express Dickinson’s thoughts about the restrictions of her life in her society. The fact that her life was ‘shaven’ seems to give the image of being cut down to size with a razor to fit her frame, and this is a very sharp image. It also seems to hold connotations to the times of torture and the methods they used, and she may be suggesting that the rest of society make her life torture. It is as if her whole life has been shaped and trapped, which is not by its own nature, and from which it can not escape. Emily Dickinson also gives the impression of confusion and chaos through the verse techniques employed in her poem ‘It was not Death’. There are a mixture of images which give the impression of confusion and chaos. In the poem there is action (‘I stood up), sound (‘Bells’), frost, heat (‘Siroccos’, ‘Fire’), shipwreck (‘Without a Ch... ...else, it just simply stops, whilst you are still aware of it. Since then – ’tis Centuries – and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses’ Heads Were toward Eternity – The lack of punctuation in the last stanza is to show breathlessness and panic as the woman realises that she has come to a state of eternity, and also emphasises that this is a long time – forever. This is how Emily Dickinson shows her theory of eternity after death, which contradicts the values of the rest of society. Values of society of the time can be seen through Emily Dickinson’s poetry. She powerfully shows society’s values of conformity in her poem ‘It was not Death’, as well as how she and many others were expected to fit into stereotypes, even if it meant sacrificing their natural state. This is shown through the form of the poem and the poetic devices that are used. ‘Because I could not stop for Death’ powerfully shows some of society’s values by contradicting them. Emily Dickinson displays her own beliefs on what comes after death, and they are certainly not to do with an afterlife in Heaven, or other religious beliefs. These are examples of how Emily Dickinson’s poems are powerful in

Windows Bernice Morgan

In 1882, Dr Gayral diagnosed that Therese â€Å"reacts to an emotional frustration with a neurotic attack. â€Å"[16] An alarmed, but cloistered, Pauline began to write letters to Therese and attempted various strategies to intervene. Eventually Therese recovered after she had turned to gaze at the statue of the Virgin Mary placed in Marie's room, where Therese had been moved. [17] She reported on May 13, 1883 that she had seen the Virgin smile at her. [18][19] She wrote: â€Å"Our Blessed Lady has come to me, she has smiled upon me.How happy I am. â€Å"[20] However, when Therese told the Carmelite nuns about this vision at the request of her eldest sister Marie, she found herself assailed by their questions and she lost confidence. Self-doubt made her begin to question what had happened. â€Å"I thought I had lied – I was unable to look upon myself without a feeling of profound horror. â€Å"[21] â€Å"For a long time after my cure,I thought that my sickness was delib erate and this was a real martyrdom for my soul. [22] Her concerns over this continued until November 1887. During her illness, Therese occupied the room with the statue of Our Lady, and it stood beside her bed. When her pains were less serious, she would often look at the statue and pray that Heaven would send her a cure. On Sunday May 13, 1883, Theresa became so ill that she did not recognize her sisters. Marie felt sure that little Theresa was dying, and throwing herself on her knees before their beloved statue of Our Lady, she begged Our Lady to cure Theresa.Leonie and Celine joined in with their prayers, as well, begging the Blessed Virgin Mary to have pity on their poor, sick, little sister. Suddenly the statue seemed to come alive—and Our Lady appeared to little Theresa. Our Lady's face glowed with a glorious beauty, but it was her wonderful smile, which filled the girl with joy. Our Lady's smile was like a warm ray of sunshine. Two large tears of joy rolled down There sa's cheeks, and she thought, â€Å"Ah! The Blessed Virgin smiled at me, how happy I am. â€Å"During this time, Marie saw her sister Theresa, as in an ecstasy of love, and she was not looking at the statue, but at the Blessed Virgin Mary herself! The vision seemed to last about four or five minutes and during this time, little Theresa was cured; all her pains and weariness had disappeared. Later, when Marie was alone with Theresa, she asked her why she had just shed some tears. Theresa didn't want to tell her secret, but when she saw that Marie had guessed that Our Lady had appeared to her, she said, â€Å"I cried because Our Lady had disappeared. â€Å"

Ivanhoe essays

Ivanhoe essays In the book Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott, a knight named Ivanhoe devotes his life to keeping to the codes of chivalry. The general setting is in England, where the way of life is medieval. Respect and loyalty are two of the character traits that Ivanhoe has. These are two very important traits because without them, what kind of person would he be? For example, in the beginning of the book Ivanhoe is known as the Disinherited Knight because his father, Cedric of Saxon, disinherits him; however, even though he is abandoned, he still respects his father and is loyal to him. His respect is shown in the book when the castle burns and his father is very disrespectful toward his son. But Ivanhoe does not get upset. Ivanhoe is not only loyal to his real father but to King Richard the Lion Heart as well. When his father disowns Ivanhoe, King Richard steps in and adopts him. Ivanhoe attaches himself to the King and follows him into battle for the Crusades. When the King is captured, Ivanhoe has loyalty and sets his eye on freeing him. Glory is also something that Ivanhoe uses to lead him on. Austrians imprisoned his stepfather, King Richard the Lion Heart, on his way back from the crusades. Ivanhoe put his effort towards freeing him and glorifying his country of England. He courageously goes to battle to fight for England in the Crusades. Because of his bravery England is saved. Besides glory, bravery is used throughout the novel also. An example of this is when Sir Brian de Bois-Guilbert dies for Rebecca. Ivanhoe demonstrates bravery when he fights Brian to repay Rebecca for her care when he is hurt. He is also very brave when he fights for his Saxon image. Glory and Bravery are not the only things Ivanhoe is demonstrating by fighting for England. He is also showing a fear of disgrace. If his home country of England were to lose the battles, he and his country would be disgraced. His fear of disgrace helps lead him on...

The eNotes Blog Tacos with Pynchon, Burgers withHemingway

Tacos with Pynchon, Burgers withHemingway Spencer Tracy and Ernest Hemingway with Friends at La Florida (â€Å"Floridita†), Havana, Cuba. Ernest Hemingway Collection. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston. In between drinking (Hemingway) and hiding (Pynchon), these two iconic writers were known to procrastinate in the way that many of us who write do: by chowing down.   While stuffing our faces may partially delay the pain of composing, its not all duck-and-cover.   Writing often requires mulling. As Umberto Eco notes, Writing doesnt mean necessarily putting words on a sheet of paper. You can write a chapter while walking or eating. A new discovery for me, by way of the  Paris Review,  is a site called Paper and Salt,  a blog devoted to the love of food and literature.   (Maybe Ill start another called  Windex and Waffles,  which, granted, does not have quite the appeal of the former but I do tend to clean everything, and then EAT everything, when I have Major Writing to accomplish.)   Anyway, its pretty entertaining to hear about Pynchon and his love of Beer-Braised Chicken Tacos.   Apparently,   Pynchon could often be found   Ã¢â‚¬Å"wearing an old red hunting-jacket and sunglasses, doting on Mexican food at a taco stand.† Throughout the late 60s and 70s, Pynchon became a regular at El Tarasco in Manhattan Beach (It’s still open today, if you want to follow in his culinary footsteps).  Neighbors would frequently spot him  chowing down- the notorious hermit, lured into public by a burrito. Hemingway had his favorites, too.   Among them was the humble hamburger, pan-fried, not grilled.   Among his papers was found these explicit instructions for cooking Papa a proper burger: PAPA’S FAVORITE HAMBURGER. There is no reason why a fried hamburger has to turn out gray, greasy, paper-thin and tasteless. You can add all sorts of goodies and flavors to the ground beef minced mushrooms, cocktail sauce, minced garlic and onion, chopped almonds, a big dollop of piccadilli, or whatever your eye lights on. Papa prefers this combination. Ingredients 1 lb. ground lean beef 2 cloves, minced garlic 2 little green onions, finely chopped 1 heaping teaspoon, India relish 2 tablespoons, capers 1 heaping teaspoon, Spice Islands sage Spice Islands Beau Monde Seasoning  ½ teaspoon Spice Islands Mei Yen Powder  ½ teaspoon ** 1 egg, beaten in a cup with a fork About one third cup dry red or white wine. 1 tablespoon cooking oil What to do Break up the meat with a fork and scatter the garlic, onion and dry seasonings over it, then mix them into the meat with a fork or your fingers. Let the bowl of meat sit out of the icebox for ten or fifteen minutes while you set the table and make the salad. Add the relish, capers, everything else including wine and let the meat sit, quietly marinating, for another ten minutes if possible. Now make four fat, juicy patties with your hands. The patties should be an inch thick, and soft in texture but not runny. Have the oil in your frying-pan hot but not smoking when you drop in the patties and then turn the heat down and fry the burgers about four minutes. Take the pan off the burner and turn the heat high again. Flip the burgers over, put the pan back on the hot fire, then after one minute, turn the heat down again and cook another three minutes. Both sides of the burgers should be crispy brown and the middle pink and juicy. ** Spice Islands discontinued its production of Mei Yen Powder three years ago. If you don’t have any in your pantry, here’s how to recreate it: 9 parts salt 9 parts sugar 2 parts MSG If a recipe calls for 1 teaspoon Mei Yen Powder, use 2/3 tsp of the dry recipe (above) mixed with 1/8 tsp of soy sauce. Geez, all this writing about writing and food is making me  hungry.   Go. Eat something! And eventually, sit your butt down and write.

ICT and Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ICT and Internet - Essay Example Meeting with friends and social contacts have been greatly intensified through Internet by using E-mail, Internet chat sessions and videophones (Livingstone S, 2002). Edutainment is delivering education and entertainment to children at their doorsteps. While this may be the scenario in the urban elite society, the rural environment is changing in a different way. The rural citizen is also getting well connected in the networked society and a new concept of urban society is taking shape. Earlier, a citizen in the distant area has to travel to pay taxes, bills etc to the government or to receive revenue documents, birth certificate and the like (James Curran, 2005). Internet Protocol (IP) has changed the computer technology, portals are created abiding Internet protocols. Programming has reached a sophisticated stage where programming languages like Java, PHP, Microsoft products like Asp.net, Visual Studio, MS Office were being used to develop web sites and portals that have become an interface between service providers and end users. Travelling portals offer different discounts for different destinations and allow customers to send their feed back via email (Raab, S., Chandra, W, 2005). Community sites Orkut, Facebook and blog sites like Blogspot helped the users not only to be in touch with each but also express their views on different subjects (James Slevin, 1999).

Tourism education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tourism education - Essay Example Later on when tourism was introduced, the course also followed a similar vocational direction as hotel management. The path adopted by hotel management and tourism courses was influenced by early literature (textbooks), which determined the scope of the curriculum for over ten years. As Airey (2004) argues, the vocational path adopted by tourism is evident in the initial undergraduate degree programmes curricula, which were designed in mid 1980s as presented in figure 1. Further, the nature of the path that the courses took relied on the objectives of 1990s programmes.Phrase 4Despite a simple presentation of tourism course development, ancient scholars acknowledged that there were certain issues associated with tourism that fell outside the circumference of the tourism industry’s normal practices and operation. As time elapsed, many scholars grew interest and delved research aimed at finding the issues, which are related to tourism, but fall outside the industry. As shown in f igure 3, this sheer interest of scholars is evident in tourism benchmark statement of 2000 (QAA, 2000). Tourism education goes beyond vocational perspective. According to Barnett (1990), tourism education has its large component focusing on them to utilise the ideas that they learn from their core courses. Stuart-Hoyle (2003) further argues that these non-vocational components of tourism education give students the chance to engage their critical thinking. To this extent, there appears to be some level of uncertainty.